Tables

List of tables:

Table 1: Some characteristic absorption frequencies in IR spectroscopy

Table 2: Typical values for ¹H-NMR chemical shifts

Table 3: Typical values for ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts

Table 4: Typical coupling constants in NMR

Table 5: The 20 common amino acids

Table 6: Structures of common coenzymes

Table 7: Representative acid constants

Table 8: Some common laboratory solvents, acids, and bases

Table 9: Examples of common functional groups in organic chemistry

Table 1: Some characteristic absorption frequencies in IR spectroscopy

Bond type	frequency (cm-1)
C-H alkanes	2950 – 2850
C-H alkenes	3080 – 3020
C-H aldehyde	~2900
C-H alkyne	~3300
alkyne triple bond	2250 – 2100 (s)
alkene double bond	1680 - 1620(s)
carbonyl, ketone	1725 – 1700 (s)
carbonyl, aldehyde	1740 – 1720 (s)
carbonyl, ester	1750 – 1730 (s)
carbonyl, acid	1725 – 1700 (s)
carbonyl, amide	1690 – 1650 (s)
O-H, alcohols	3600 – 3200 (s, broad)
O-H, acids	3000 – 2500 (broad)
C-O, alcohols, esters, ethers	1300 - 1000

s = strong absorbance

Table 2: Typical values for ¹H-NMR chemical shifts

Hydrogen type	Chemical shift (ppm)
RC**H**3	0.9 - 1.0
RC**H**2R	1.2 - 1.7
R3C**H**	1.5 – 2.0
<img src=”media/image713.png”
style=”width:0.72222in;height:0.54653in” />	2.0 – 2.3
<img src=”media/image714.png”
style=”width:0.88889in;height:0.49097in” />	1.5 – 1.8
RN**H**2	1 - 3
ArC**H**3	2.2 – 2.4
<img src=”media/image715.png”
style=”width:0.86111in;height:0.17569in” />	2.3 – 3.0
<img src=”media/image716.png”
style=”width:0.72222in;height:0.30556in” />	3.7 – 3.9
	3.7 – 3.9
RO**H**	1 - 5
<img src=”media/image718.png”
style=”width:0.72222in;height:0.49097in” />	3.7 – 6.5
<img src=”media/image719.png”
style=”width:0.75903in;height:0.75903in” />	5 - 9
Ar**H**	6.0 – 8.7
<img src=”media/image720.png”
style=”width:0.57431in;height:0.54653in” />	9.5 – 10.0
<img src=”media/image721.png”
style=”width:0.66667in;height:0.52778in” />	10 - 13

Chemical shift values are in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane.

Table 3: Typical values for ¹³C-NMR chemical shifts

Carbon type	Chemical shift (ppm)
RCH3	13 - 16
RCH2R	16 - 25
R3CH	25 - 35
	18 - 22
	28 - 32
RCH2NHR	35 - 45
RCH2OH	50 - 65
	65 - 70
ROCH2R	50 - 75
	50 - 75
	115 - 120
	125 - 140
aromatic carbon	125 - 150
(carboxylic acid derivatives)	165 - 185
	190 - 200
	200 - 220

Table 4: Typical coupling constants in NMR

H-H coupling	J (Hz)		C-H coupling	J (Hz)
<img src=”media/image731.png”
style=”width:0.86111in;height:0.65764in” />	6 -8		<img src=”media/image732.png”

                                                                     style="width:0.62986in;height:0.62986in" />  | 125 - 130         |

| | 2 - 3 | | | 150 - 170 | | | 12 - 18 | | | | | | 6 - 12 | | | | | | 0 - 2 | | | | | | 6 - 10 | | | | | | 1- 3 | | | |

Table 5: The 20 common amino acids

Glycine (Gly, G)	Alanine (Ala, A)	Valine (Val, V)	Leucine (Leu, L)	Isoleucine (Ile, I)
Phenylalanine (Phe, F)	Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)	Tryptophan (Trp, W)	Methionine (Met, M)	Cysteine (Cys, C)
Serine (Ser, S)	Threonine (Thr, T)	Arginine (Arg, R)	Lysine (Lys, K)	Histidine (His, H)
Proline (Pro, P)	Glutamate (Glu, E)	Aspartate (Asp, D)	Glutamine (Gln, Q)	Asparagine (Asn, N)

Table 6: Structures of common coenzymes

Table 5

Table 7: Representative acid constants.

acid	pKa	conjugate base
<img src=”media/image764.png”
style=”width:0.83333in;height:0.86111in” />	-10	<img src=”media/image765.png”

                                                                                                  style="width:0.82431in;height:0.62986in" />                            |

| HCl | -7 | Cl^- | | H₃O⁺ | -1.7 | H₂O | | | -1.4 | | | | 1.0⁽ⁱ⁾ | | | | 2.2⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ | | | HF | 3.2 | F^- | | | 4.6 | | | | 4-5 | | | | 5.3⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ | |

acid	pKa	conjugate base
<img src=”media/image778.png”
style=”width:0.79653in;height:0.75903in” />	6.4	<img src=”media/image779.png”

                                                                       style="width:0.75903in;height:0.77778in" />  |

| | 6.5⁽ⁱ⁾ | | | | 7.2⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ | | | | 9.0 | | | HCN | 9.2 | CN^- | | | 9.2 | | | | 9.9⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ | | | | 10.3⁽ⁱⁱ⁾ | | | RSH | 10-11 | RS^- | | RNH₃⁺ | 10 -11 | RNH₂ | | | 12.3⁽ⁱ⁾ | | | H₂O | 15.7 | OH^- |

acid	pKa	conjugate base
	17
RCH2OH	16	RCH2O-
	19-20
RCCH terminal alkyne	25	RCC-
H2	35	H-
NH3 ammonia	38	NH2-

All pK_a values, unless otherwise noted, are taken from March, Jerry, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Wiley, New York, 1992.

⁽ⁱ⁾ Silva, J.J.R. Fraústo da, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: the Inorganic Chemistry of Life, 2^nd Edition, Oxford, New York, 2001.

⁽ⁱⁱ⁾Lide, David R. (ed.) The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.

Table 8: Some common laboratory solvents, acids, and bases (fig 10)

Solvents

Acids

Bases

very strong bases:

weaker bases:

Table 9: Examples of common functional groups in organic chemistry

alkane		ketone
alkene		aldehyde
alkyne		imine (Schiff base)
aromatic hydrocarbon		carboxylic acid
alkyl halide		ester
alcohol		thioester
thiol		amide
amine		acyl phosphate
ether		acid chloride
sulfide		phosphate ester
phenol		phosphate diester