Tables

List of tables:

Table 1: Some characteristic absorption frequencies in IR spectroscopy

Table 2: Typical values for 1H-NMR chemical shifts

Table 3: Typical values for 13C-NMR chemical shifts

Table 4: Typical coupling constants in NMR

Table 5: The 20 common amino acids

Table 6: Structures of common coenzymes

Table 7: Representative acid constants

Table 8: Some common laboratory solvents, acids, and bases

Table 9: Examples of common functional groups in organic chemistry

Table 1: Some characteristic absorption frequencies in IR spectroscopy#

Bond type

frequency (cm-1)

C-H alkanes

2950 – 2850

C-H alkenes

3080 – 3020

C-H aldehyde

~2900

C-H alkyne

~3300

alkyne triple bond

2250 – 2100 (s)

alkene double bond

1680 - 1620(s)

carbonyl, ketone

1725 – 1700 (s)

carbonyl, aldehyde

1740 – 1720 (s)

carbonyl, ester

1750 – 1730 (s)

carbonyl, acid

1725 – 1700 (s)

carbonyl, amide

1690 – 1650 (s)

O-H, alcohols

3600 – 3200 (s, broad)

O-H, acids

3000 – 2500 (broad)

C-O, alcohols, esters, ethers

1300 - 1000

s = strong absorbance

Table 2: Typical values for 1H-NMR chemical shifts#

Hydrogen type

Chemical shift (ppm)

RC**H**3

0.9 - 1.0

RC**H**2R

1.2 - 1.7

R3C**H**

1.5 – 2.0

<img src=”media/image713.png”

style=”width:0.72222in;height:0.54653in” />

2.0 – 2.3

<img src=”media/image714.png”

style=”width:0.88889in;height:0.49097in” />

1.5 – 1.8

RN**H**2

1 - 3

ArC**H**3

2.2 – 2.4

<img src=”media/image715.png”

style=”width:0.86111in;height:0.17569in” />

2.3 – 3.0

<img src=”media/image716.png”

style=”width:0.72222in;height:0.30556in” />

3.7 – 3.9

../_images/image717.png

3.7 – 3.9

RO**H**

1 - 5

<img src=”media/image718.png”

style=”width:0.72222in;height:0.49097in” />

3.7 – 6.5

<img src=”media/image719.png”

style=”width:0.75903in;height:0.75903in” />

5 - 9

Ar**H**

6.0 – 8.7

<img src=”media/image720.png”

style=”width:0.57431in;height:0.54653in” />

9.5 – 10.0

<img src=”media/image721.png”

style=”width:0.66667in;height:0.52778in” />

10 - 13

Chemical shift values are in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane.

Table 3: Typical values for 13C-NMR chemical shifts#

Carbon type Chemical shift (ppm)
RCH3 13 - 16
RCH2R 16 - 25
R3CH 25 - 35
18 - 22
28 - 32
RCH2NHR 35 - 45
RCH2OH 50 - 65
65 - 70
ROCH2R 50 - 75
50 - 75
115 - 120
125 - 140
aromatic carbon 125 - 150

(carboxylic acid derivatives)

165 - 185
190 - 200
200 - 220

Table 4: Typical coupling constants in NMR#

H-H coupling

J (Hz)

C-H coupling

J (Hz)

<img src=”media/image731.png”

style=”width:0.86111in;height:0.65764in” />

6 -8

<img src=”media/image732.png”

                                                                     style="width:0.62986in;height:0.62986in" />  | 125 - 130         |

| ../_images/image733.png | 2 - 3 | | ../_images/image734.png | 150 - 170 | | ../_images/image735.png | 12 - 18 | | | | | ../_images/image736.png | 6 - 12 | | | | | ../_images/image737.png | 0 - 2 | | | | | ../_images/image738.png | 6 - 10 | | | | | ../_images/image739.png | 1- 3 | | | |

Table 5: The 20 common amino acids#

Glycine
(Gly, G)
Alanine
(Ala, A)
Valine
(Val, V)
Leucine
(Leu, L)
Isoleucine
(Ile, I)
Phenylalanine
(Phe, F)

Tyrosine

(Tyr, Y)

Tryptophan

(Trp, W)

Methionine

(Met, M)

Cysteine

(Cys, C)

Serine

(Ser, S)

Threonine

(Thr, T)

Arginine

(Arg, R)

Lysine

(Lys, K)

Histidine

(His, H)

Proline

(Pro, P)

Glutamate

(Glu, E)

Aspartate

(Asp, D)

Glutamine

(Gln, Q)

Asparagine

(Asn, N)

Table 6: Structures of common coenzymes#

../_images/image760.png

Table 5

../_images/image761.png

../_images/image762.png

../_images/image763.png

#

Table 7: Representative acid constants.#

acid

pKa

conjugate base

<img src=”media/image764.png”

style=”width:0.83333in;height:0.86111in” />

-10

<img src=”media/image765.png”

                                                                                                  style="width:0.82431in;height:0.62986in" />                            |

| HCl | -7 | Cl- | | H3O+ | -1.7 | H2O | | ../_images/image766.png | -1.4 | ../_images/image767.png | | ../_images/image768.png | 1.0(i) | ../_images/image769.png | | ../_images/image770.png | 2.2(ii) | ../_images/image771.png | | HF | 3.2 | F- | | ../_images/image772.png | 4.6 | ../_images/image773.png | | ../_images/image774.png | 4-5 | ../_images/image775.png | | ../_images/image776.png | 5.3(ii) | ../_images/image777.png |

acid

pKa

conjugate base

<img src=”media/image778.png”

style=”width:0.79653in;height:0.75903in” />

6.4

<img src=”media/image779.png”

                                                                       style="width:0.75903in;height:0.77778in" />  |

| ../_images/image780.png | 6.5(i) | ../_images/image781.png | | ../_images/image782.png | 7.2(ii) | ../_images/image783.png | | ../_images/image784.png | 9.0 | ../_images/image785.png | | HCN | 9.2 | CN- | | ../_images/image786.png | 9.2 | ../_images/image787.png | | ../_images/image788.png | 9.9(ii) | ../_images/image789.png | | ../_images/image790.png | 10.3(ii) | ../_images/image791.png | | RSH | 10-11 | RS- | | RNH3+ | 10 -11 | RNH2 | | ../_images/image792.png | 12.3(i) | ../_images/image793.png | | H2O | 15.7 | OH- |


acid pKa conjugate base
17
RCH2OH 16 RCH2O-
19-20

RCCH

terminal alkyne

25 RCC-
H2 35 H-

NH3

ammonia

38 NH2-

All pKa values, unless otherwise noted, are taken from March, Jerry, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition, Wiley, New York, 1992.

(i) Silva, J.J.R. Fraústo da, The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: the Inorganic Chemistry of Life, 2nd Edition, Oxford, New York, 2001.

(ii)Lide, David R. (ed.) The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995.

Table 8: Some common laboratory solvents, acids, and bases (fig 10)

Solvents

../_images/image798.png

Acids

../_images/image799.png

Bases

very strong bases:

../_images/image800.png

weaker bases:

../_images/image801.png
Table 9: Examples of common functional groups in organic chemistry

alkane ketone
alkene aldehyde
alkyne

imine

(Schiff base)

aromatic hydrocarbon carboxylic acid
alkyl halide ester
alcohol thioester
thiol amide
amine acyl phosphate
ether acid chloride
sulfide phosphate ester
phenol phosphate diester